The National Journal asks what would happen if the Pledge to America, proposed last week by congressional Republicans, were fully implemented.
As I understand it, the authors of the “Pledge to America” want not just to renew permanently all Bush-era tax cuts, but also to balance the budget while exempting social security, Medicare, and military spending. To ask what would be the effects if the Republicans put this pledge into law is to ask what would be the effects if they repeal the laws of arithmetic. It can’t be done. All the money is in the parts of the budget they are putting off limits. (That is what we all assume they mean by “common sense exceptions for seniors, veterans and troops” when cutting spending. Admittedly, it is hard to tell what they are really proposing, due to the usual lack of specifics in the 21-page document.)
We have been through all this before. Two experiments are most memorable. First, Ronald Reagan was elected on his pledge of balancing the budget while cutting taxes, which soon produced what were at the time the biggest budget deficits in history. Then the same thing happened when George W. Bush took office; but he broke the Reagan records for increases in the deficit.
I am convinced that if the Republicans, running on the supposed fiscal conservatism of the “Pledge,” were to sweep control of Washington, we would soon have larger deficits than if Obama were calling the shots. And not just because Obama would raise taxes. (He may not ever raise them at all, relative to current law, incidentally. His current proposal is to cut them relative to current law.) Rather we would probably get a faster rate of growth of spending under the Republicans, just as spending grew more than twice as rapidly under Presidents Reagan and Bush as it did under Clinton.
It is not only Republican presidential candidates who pledge “small government” and then do the opposite. It is true of Republican Congressmen too. A 2004 study of the 258 members of Congress who signed an unconditional Pledge not to raise taxes found that they on average voted for greater increases in spending than those who did not sign the pledge. Still not convinced? One more fact: Congressmen in those states that vote Republican tend to take home a significantly higher level of federal dollars for their states (relative, for example, to taxes paid) than those states that vote Democratic.
What is the explanation for the consistent pattern, over the few decades, that the pledge candidates, those who talk the loudest about the need for fiscal conservatism, in practice do the least to achieve it? After all this time, I still don’t know for sure. The explanation used to be that the Republican politicians believed one or the other of two erroneous theories: the Laffer Hypothesis that cutting tax rates would generate more tax revenue, or the Starve the Beast Hypothesis that lower tax revenue would lead to lower spending. But I haven’t heard either of these claims this time around.
Perhaps the true explanation all along is that pledge politicians are under the impression that cutting spending is as easy as waving a magic wand. The candidates don’t realize that to reduce the deficit one must begin by looking at the numbers and one must end up with constituents who are furious at having lost benefits. It takes numeracy, competence, experience, and guts. It takes concrete measures such as those that yielded budget surpluses by the end of the 1990s. Perhaps when pledge candidates get into office, they are unprepared for the difficulty of the task.